About: The Taxonomy > Science and the Taxonomy

Science and the Taxonomy

An Architecture for Consciousness

THEE has been generated through an objective scientific approach to a single field: whatever is personal, organizational or social in endeavours. I call this: psychosocial reality. It is a metaphysical field where consciousness reigns supreme. It excludes everything that is purely technical, reflex, automatic, biological or physical.

Identifying elements in this field scientifically is a slow, lengthy process based on:

Assisting individuals and groups to achieve their goals over years has enabled research that is utterly unlike snapshot lab or survey studies. The subjects are: (1) genuinely and fully committed, (2) likely to discuss their thoughts on problematic issues, (3) aware of the duration. If a responsible person uses and persists with ideas or a model to alter their own psychosocial reality, that is indicative of value. But much more is needed to generalize and confirm validity.
See my early views in Kinston (1981)Kinston, W. (1981) Improving health care institutions: An action research approach to organisation of complex systems. In: Trappl, R. (ed). Cybernetics and Systems Research, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. and (1984)Kinston, W. (1984) Linking system research and delivery systems: The example of health care. In: Trappl, R. (ed). Cybernetics and Systems Research, 2. Elsevier Science Publ. B.V. (North-Holland)..

The literature is essential, because there is no other way to uncover and appreciate phenomena that cross human systems, academic disciplines, cultures and historical periods. The relevant literatures are diverse and include writings of practitioners and thinkers, as well as social scientists and philosophers. Because a taxonomy is not a theoretical entity, theories are either useful pointers to significant elements or themselves objects to be categorized.

The elements of endeavour are accessed through personal experience i.e. becoming conscious of them. If you are unable to get a distance from your own personal feelings and preferred paradigms, then you will be unable to recognize and value the experiences of others.

As a result, you are advised not to depend either on the literature, or on anything posted on the website, as authoritative until you have thought it through for yourself. Unfortunately, like myself, you may have to overcome blind-spots and biases. This applies as much to scientists as to others.

Plus an Extra Aid: For the first 15 or so years, inquiries took place almost in the dark and started from a zero base and worked from first principles. In more recent times, structural principles and formulae generated by the Taxonomy have played a major part in guiding and expediting new discoveries. This is much like the way discovery of new chemical elements followed acceptance of the Periodic Table.

See The Hub for details of taxonomic development, including similarities and contrasts with various standard scientific approaches. Below is a brief listing of relevant scientific issues.

Standard Scientific Features

ClosedSimplification

As in physical sciences, instances are always messy and complicated. It is necessary to simplify by abstracting what these instances have in common. A meaningful simplification ensures that each taxonomic element is straightforward and obvious. Inevitably, putting many simple features together produces something complicated, and even unexpected. Another simplifying method is analytic focus: which can be disturbing if it gives the impression that important aspects are being neglected.

ClosedPrecision

Precision in formulating function, properties and relationships for any particular element serves the scientific goal of unequivocal and shareable discrimination. This precision applies independently of concepts developed in academic social science disciplines. Psychosocial matters are typically handled loosely in everyday writing, with fuzzy concepts that merge into each other. Because you are used to that, precision in the use of terms can make reading Topics difficult at times.

ClosedComprehensiveness

The architecture enables identification of hundreds of Frameworks and thousands of entities. However, the question remains open as to whether it does indeed cover everything that can come into awareness for endeavour. It may do so insofar as the model originates from a unification. On a practical basis, it regularly appears that everything relevant within a Framework is included. If something seems to be missing, it typically belongs in a related Framework or sometimes in a distant part of the Taxonomy.

ClosedValidity

THEE and its component Frameworks are judged valid on a variety of grounds, primarily predictive, pragmatic, consensual, logical, and structural. However, the validity of specific Frameworks and formulations within the Taxonomy naturally varies in accord with the depth of study and extent of testing. This is a large topic: read more about it in Taxonomy Development.

ClosedPrediction

Prediction is the most desired form of validation. THEE as a model is predictive because its formula-system has enabled the discovery of previously unknown psychosocial entities (cf. the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements). Its Frameworks may also predict the evolution of social situations. Undesirable outcomes may also be predicted from observations of the wilful violation of taxonomic principles in social life.

ClosedError Correction

Scientific outputs have mistakes and limitations, and findings must be able to be checked and tested for error. The Taxonomy has had numerous errors along the way: in naming, in properties, and in structures . These have been identified and corrected on the basis of new evidence, tests in practice, literature reports, and logical grounds (i.e. inconsistency, incoherence). See further comments below.

ClosedNew Discovery

While it is unlikely that any structure found so far will turn out to be wholly invalid, additional properties and relations will surely be discerned. New formal structures within existing patterns, or allowing linkages between them, are almost certainly waiting to be discovered. A world of discoveries can flow from conjectures.
ClosedRecent Examples

ClosedUsefulness

THEE is a useful taxonomy because it can resolve confusions amongst similar things, and highlight easily overlooked but necessary relationships between things. The Taxonomy may seem overly abstract at times, especially if you have no need for the distinctions. However, when a personal or social need for clarity emerges, the same formulations become down-to-earth and highly practical.
Read more about usefulness.

Present Status

Scientific work operates more or less like this:

1. Make observations and establish them as valid.

2. Find regularities in the observations and confirm them as valid.

3. Offer explanations for observed regularities and test conjectures till falsified.

THEE is a set of regularities in observations that have been checked and confirmed as valid. However:

Re 1: Opinions will vary as to whether particular observations are sufficiently well-established and sufficiently validated. Some certainly seem to be; while others definitely need further study. See section on Errors below.

Re 2: Confidence in the regularities in the architecture is another matter. Having worked for decades in this field, I am confident in many of the Frameworks, and regard the architecture as broadly valid.

Re 3: Given THEE is now well-developed, it is time to start explaining its unexpected architectural features. These investigations commenced in the Architecture Room in 2013. Biological and evolutionary conjectures with implications for current brain-mind research are being developed.


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Originally posted: July 2009; Last amended: 7-Oct-2016.




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