Primal Needs encourage cooperation.
Achievement: greater with cooperation.
Management exploits competition and strives to enable cooperation.
Knowledge: greater with cooperation.
Conjectures invite competitive cooperation.
Discrimination: better with cooperation.
Depiction leads to competition.
Individuality: improves cooperation.
A [sense of] self competes where individuality is irrelevant or lacking.
Association: context for cooperation.
One reality competes with alternative realities.
Except in organizations where they can be designed to cooperate.
Governance: requires cooperation to avoid tragedy of the commons and exploitation by sociopaths.
Politics assumes competition .
Competence: accepts cooperation and competition and handles them appropriately.
Effectiveness may require cooperation. However, it is often boosted by competition.
Because competition is intrinsic to evolution, scientists have viewed cooperation as a puzzle. Much research has therefore focused on how cooperation might develop i.e. how it might prove to be advantageous. So far evidence exists for five mechanismsMartin A Novak. Scientific American 22 (1), 92-97, Nov. 2012 for the evolution of cooperation or positive helpfulness. These mechanisms relate to the psychosocial pressures (advanced instincts) and assume that selection occurs at multiple levels, not just on genes. This is certainly true for humans, given language and culture.
Two Primal Needs are missing from this list:
Knowledge. It is rather obvious that if an individual or group comes to know that cooperation is possible and will produce an advantage, then it will be sustained and used.
:Governance. It is possible to shape and organise cooperation if the group's political institutions are sufficiently mature. Lack of cooperation can destroy a group through internal competition and exploitation of common goods.
:Initially posted: 30-Nov-2013